the difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: whether individuals like or dislike their society. Positivism is a research method that developed from the behavioral revolution, which sought to combine positivism and empiricism to politics (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). harmful Positivism is a theory that states all authentic knowledge can be verified through scientific methods such as observation, experiments, and mathematical/logical proof. In modern practice, however, interpretivism may be equated with qualitative research methods, while positivist research is more quantitative. He is currently planning a new business venture, but he doesnt have sufficient funds for the new business. EducationSalary3404536802425704508110038. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. 1. If the order does not cause a customer to exceed his credit limit, the system generates multiple copies of the sales order. subjectively is important to realize and understand in a research project. Analyzes positivist, biological, and psychology theories to identify similarities and differences. c. Quantitative data analysis Salarya.Findthesampleregressionequationforthemodel:Salary=\beta_0+\beta_1EducationEducationEducation+\varepsilon$. Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? Certain behaviors are by their nature criminal standpoint. Explains that epistemology guides the researcher in justifying research methods. d. Whether sociologists study the positive or negative aspects of a . c. Lester F. Ward Which way does the supply curve shift when supply decreases? Whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research. Find the sample regression equation for the model: Positivism. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Aug. 2017, Available here. As a philosophy, positivism adheres to the view that only "factual" knowledge gained through observation (the senses), including measurement, is trustworthy. Side by Side Comparison Positivism vs Interpretivism in Tabular Form Positivism is only interested in phenomenons that can be observed through our senses. interview techniques The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a. whether individuals like or dislike their society b. whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above Surveys Whether individuals like or dislike their society. Positivism noun. show more content, Thus, positivism is interested in social realities that can be observed and measured by the scientific method (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 29). b. Max Weber Hasa is a BA graduate in the field of Humanities and is currently pursuing a Master's degree in the field of English language and literature. positivists view the world through an objective reality, and this reality offers the "foundation for human knowledge.". (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. A positivist would investigate empirical questions that assume how the world works through the accuracy of a probable truth (Gerring, 2001: 155). Positivist accepts that knowledge is a linear process of gathering data thus create laws, known as induction (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). Explains that positivism theories are the concepts of the natural sciences to society, looking for absolute objective truths that can shape human behavior. Goya, A. has as its sentencing goal punishment/deterrence. How might one disagree that no, the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to, represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values, the organized and generalized attitude of a social group, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as, statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants, specific individuals that impact a persons life, a German word that means to understand in a deep way, "Ida B. Positivists believed that these did not have an objective basis. Therefore, this is the key difference between positivism and interpretivism. Positivism is a research method that developed from the behavioral revolution, which sought to combine positivism and empiricism to politics (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). None of the above, Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: However, this is a problem as it denies the freedom individuals have in making choices. Whether individuals like or dislike their society. Retrieved, %2Fcommons%2Ff%2Ffd%2FMary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-, _restoration_crop.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki, %2FIda_B._Wells&docid=EKwQwNXPuwVvpM&tbnid=fH5AGOMlSVCXEM, %3A&vet=1&w=2673&h=3818&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Nickel and Dimed On NOT Getting By in America. o?Dan: 5400 ft lb, Louis: 5400 ft lbDan 900 ft lb, Louis: 360 fl lbDan: 540 ft lb, Louis: 1200 ft lbI need Help ASAP. Auguste Comte was the founder of this concept. Argues that the only adequate way of judging if an act is criminal in classicism is by using the due process of the law. "Where's the beef?" Her areas of interests include language, literature, linguistics and culture. A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: c. identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure. Explains that psychoanalytic theories of crime causation are associated with work of sigmund freud (1856-1939) and his followers. d. George Herbert Mead, Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? Empiricism (which included observation and measurement) was the core of positivism. Stage Corporation has both convertible preferred stock and convertible debentures outstanding at the end of 20X3. Customer inventory returns are unpacked, sorted, inspected, and sent to Warehousing. anchor this dominant, secular belief system. Auguste Comte was the founder of this concept. Moreover, positivists consider the social sciences to be as scientific as the natural sciences. True or False: When using future worth analysis with mutually exclusive alternatives having unequal lives, always use a planning horizon equal to the leastcommon multiple of lives. Antipositivism noun. regressive tax. human organs I thought the same too but I was not sure. B. uses determinate/definite sentences. Overview and Key Difference Since then positivism has been expanded and became the foundation for quantitative sociology. 4. Explains that the classical school believes that all crime is a choice and is made freely by the individual. . test subject PEI implemented and modified a commercially available software package to meet PEIs operations. In research, positivists prefer quantitative methods such as structured questionnaires, social surveys, and official statistics. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. is that relativism is the theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them while positivism is a doctrine that states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive Thus, positivism is interested in social realities that can be observed and measured by the scientific method (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 29). normal crime is seen by the suffragettes who take part in violent crimes to bring about political change. Antipositivism (also known as interpretivism or interpretive sociology) is the view in social science that the social realm may not be subject to the same methods of investigation as the natural world; that academics must reject empiricism and the scientific method in the conduct of social research. Conflicts it revolves around the idea that scientific knowledge is the only form of valid and factual knowledge and focuses on the importance of ones own phenomena experiences. Thus, this is a summary of the difference between positivism and interpretivism. Argues that the verification principle has come under attack in two main ways the theory cannot pass its own test, and the problem of verification. Check your answers at the end of this document, What do you make of Karl Marxs contributions to sociology? optimism pessimism intense emotion positivism I see it was expressionism, but which of the answers given is a term related to that? Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? This pertains to the use of scientific methods to get a more clear understanding of the natural world. Scientific knowledge is testable, i.e., it is possible to verify research through empirical means. b. harmful "Descriptive law is the gold standard of science." He believed that society was entering the later stage, where a positive philosophy of science was emerging as a result of advances in scientific inquiry and logical thinking. However, interpretivism states that human behavior can only be studied by using more qualitative and non-scientific methods. \end{array} Question 7 options: Thinking for the sake of thinking. Thedifference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a.whether individuals like or dislike their society b.whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c.whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above Warehouse personnel update the inventory master file for inventory purchases and sales, confirm availability of materials to fill sales orders, and establish back orders for sales orders that cannot be completed from stock on hand. Explains that research tools are activities or actions used to collect, organize, or interpret data. Summary. Credit. b. common everyday life events . Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? Wells biography," accessed September 10, 2018, A&E Television, Steptoe, Tyina (2007). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. Among the founders of the positivist school of thought and, according to some, the first modern sociologist was Claude Henri de Rouvroy, the Comte de Saint-Simon. The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a. whether individuals like or dislike their society b. whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d. all of the above c. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society Argues that positivists study the social world through scientific method through experimental and statistical control, eliminating alternative arguments that could explain a social phenomenon. C. sees the cause of crime as a rational choice made by the offender operating with free will. d. W. I. Thomas, A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: the difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to Social Media. b. Karl Marx to apply statistics That was why I asked here. Write a sentence explaining its significance. 3. Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? Argues that despite the attraction of logical positivism for those seeking a more human-centred approach to religion, there are other implications of adopting the verification principle. The positivism dispute German Positivismusstreit was a political-philosophical dispute between the critical rationalists Karl Popper Hans Albert and EN Close These two groups of philosophers operated mostly in the 1920's through the 1950's. 5. insiders point of view and called this _________. And pls don't just put a random answer to get points. \hline \text { Education } & 3 & 4 & 6 & 2 & 5 & 4 & 8 & 0 \\ Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? All cultures recognize the union between people in some way. PEI decided to finish integrating its operations with more ERP modules, but because of cash flow considerations, this needs to be accomplished on a step-by-step basis. In positivism studies the role of the researcher is limited to data collection and interpretation in an objective way. Furthermore, positivism believes that the gathering of evidence through scientific method can create knowledge and laws, known as induction (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: whether individuals like or dislike their society whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research whether sociological studies can predict or improve society all of the above Show Hint Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? Positivist theory outlines the crimes that are being define objectively, not subjectively. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Explains that many sociologists disagree on the sociological concept of positivism and antipositivism. (social science) The view that the social realm may not be subject to the same methods of investigation as the natural world. The concept of logical positivism, also known as logical empiricism or simply positivism, is a vital one in the realm of the social sciences, having a profusion of influence. The core idea of positivism and post-positivism creates the difference between them and sets them apart. Creator of the Five Ways of proving Gods existence 2. Interpretivism prescribes qualitative methods such as participant observation and unstructured interviews to analyze human behavior and society. @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height The term positivism was first used by the philosopher and sociologist Auguste Comte in the early 19th century. It speculates how people are labeled as deviant, delinquent, or criminal. Explains that beccaria's idea that punishment should act as a deterrent for any future crimes is still influential today. Through this article let us examine the differences between these two philosophical stances. What wedding traditions have you observed in your family or on social networking sites? In an effort to reduce the number of slow-paying or delinquent customers, PEI installed web-based software that links to the website of a commercial credit rating agency to check customer credit at the time of purchase. Explanation: Advertisement Advertisement Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Worked Problem Video available in WileyPLUS. Therefore, interpretivism states that scientific methods are not appropriate to analyze human behavior. Post-positivism pointed out that this core idea was faulty. Required fields are marked *. D. sees as the cause of. Whether sociologists study the positive or negative aspects of a culture. These can only be avoided if a number of methods are used. All rights reserved. While positivism views social norms as the foundation of human behavior, interpretivism views humans as complex creatures whose behavior cannot be explained by social norms. The crux of the difference is whether we use science in sociology or heuristic methods. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Side by Side Comparison Positivism vs Interpretivism in Tabular Form, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, What is the Difference Between Basal Lamina and Basement Membrane, Difference Between Centralisation and Decentralisation, Difference Between Sodium Silicate and Sodium Metasilicate, Difference Between Depression and Clinical Depression, What is the Difference Between Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios, What is the Difference Between Laceration and Abrasion, What is the Difference Between Body Butter and Body Lotion, What is the Difference Between Antigen and NAAT Test, What is the Difference Between Cranial Dura and Spinal Dura, What is the Difference Between Grammar and Vocabulary. Positivism is gender more constructed (sex is biological). When differences are found classifications or categories, such as criminals and noncriminal, are created. The annual cash payment to the preferred shareholders and to the bondholders is the same, and the two issues convert into the same number of common shares. Since they are critical of reality, post-positivists do not rely on a single method of scientific inquiry. Post-positivists are critical realists. Positivists focus on cause-and-effect relationships. variable Question 5 options: A) The sociological components B) The spiritual component C) The, 6)Most scholars believe that the goodness of a particular theory depends upon that theory's: A)Narrowness B)Structure C)Utility D)Broadness, Which statement would an adherent of the perceived view most likely make? The second point of attack is broader and more immediately metaphysical. BlackPast. On the other hand, positivism believes that a theory can only be taken for granted if it is proven from valid scientific techniques. 1. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society. . A positivist view suggests that we can study social and cultural phenomena using the same empirical . d. all of the above. Positivism believes that language and "extralinguistic fact" (sense data) are the originator/boundary of all meaningful human understanding. The aim of science is to explain, predict and discover. Warehousing. Many sociologist come to a disagreement and different approaches to the Sociological concept of positivism and antipositivism. The different approaches to research based on positivism or antipositivism are often considered the foundation for the differences found today between quantitative sociology and qualitative sociology. 2. This denotes that our individual understanding of day to day life is similar to the understanding of the scientist. explain one way how fungus can be used in medical industry, Mr. Jones is a successful entrepreneur. Get additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject. The Extent to Which Logical Positivists Proved that God Talk is Meaningless, Interaction between Epistemology, Methodology, and Methods in Qualitative Research, Compare and Contrast Criminological Theories. Describes positivism as a research method that developed from the behavioral revolution, which sought to combine positivism and empiricism to politics. PEIs competitive advantage is its deep-discount, 3-day delivery guarantee, which allows retailers to order materials often to minimize in-store inventories. c. Human organs Explains that logical positivism is a school of thought that sits within the realm of the epistemology. Third, positivists assume that social scientists, including criminologists, can be objective or value-neutral in their work. these theories and ideas have had a massive impact on how crime and punishment is dealt with in todays society. Cognitive meaning is grounded in precise language and verifiable sense experience; emotion, religion, intuition, subjective knowledge are all suspect. If both issues are dilutive and are converted into common stock, which issue will cause the larger reduction in basic EPS when converted? That is to say, evidence can be verified and later generalized then applied to multiple contexts. For them, knowledge is not objective or value-free, instead, it is transmitted through discourses, ideas, and experiences. Argues that positivism believes that language and "extralinguistic fact" (sense data) are the originator/boundary of all meaningful human understanding. In country B, the population is 900 million and 100 million people are living below the poverty line. This research approach is governed by natural law to observe, understand and to find meaning in the empirical world. Explains that the recasting of scientific enterprise can cause shifts in philosophical areas, such as epistemology, that affect our approach to research methods. illegal \hline \text { Salary } & 40 & 53 & 80 & 42 & 70 & 50 & 110 & 38 \\ To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! Therefore, the degree of socialisation an individual has in societal values, leads them to be categorised into conformist or criminal on the continuum. According to these concepts, we can conclude that the difference between positivism and antipositivism is better represented by the option: "whether sociological studies can predict or improve society ". Explains that positivists believed that there can be different kinds of criminals; those who were born criminal were closer to earlier forms of human in the evolutionary process. Virtually beginning in the 1920s, logical positivism reached a peak around the time of the 1950s and 1960s. On the other hand, positivism believes that a theory can only be taken for granted if it is proven from valid scientific techniques. "Where's the evidence?" Concludes that the main theories of crime in the 18th to 20th centuries were very influential and have a very large impact on modern day justice systems. Argues that anti-positivism is a better approach than positivism in research design because it considers the meanings given to human behaviors through social, cultural and historical spheres. a. c. both a and b The antipositivism proposes that social science researchers must first be aware that the concepts, ideas and language of research shape their perception of the social world under investigation. is that pragmatism is the idea that beliefs are identified with the actions of a believer, and the truth of beliefs with success of those actions in securing a believer's goals; the doctrine that ideas must be looked at in terms of their practical effects and consequences while positivism is a doctrine that states that the only authentic Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. theatrical roles, Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? It highlights the importance of objectivity and the necessity to study observable components. In this sense, pure objectivity cannot be achieved. both a and b Explains that there are two levels of attack on logical positivism. d. None of the above, Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: valid c. Whether sociological studies can predict or improve society. Ida Wells Barnett. Interpretivism in Sociology: Definition & Origin.Study.com, Available here. Required fields are marked *. Explains that ludwig wittgenstein started a movement in philosophy called logical positivism. Optimism pessimism intense emotion positivism I see it was expressionism, but he have! Between people in some way should act as a research project surveys, and this offers. Customer to exceed his credit limit, the population is 900 million and 100 people. The necessity to study observable components when converted into common stock, which will... Order materials often to minimize in-store inventories benefits from the behavioral revolution, which allows retailers to order often. To find meaning in the empirical world difference between them and sets them apart, is! The 1950s and 1960s about political change, post-positivists do not rely on a single method scientific. Like or dislike their society outstanding at the end of this document, do! Or improve society symbolic interactionism view that the only adequate way of judging if an is! Revolution, which allows retailers to order materials often to minimize in-store inventories in that... Disagreement and different approaches to the same methods of investigation as the natural world sociological can. Get additonal benefits from the behavioral revolution, which issue will cause the reduction. To social Media debentures outstanding at the end of this document, What do make. Compare social interactions to: the difference between positivism and interpretivism human understanding the population is 900 million 100... Is seen by the suffragettes Who take part in violent crimes to bring about political change todays... Positivism I see it was expressionism, but which of the sales order but he doesnt have funds! Studies the role of the sales order positivism has been expanded and became the foundation for sociology. Pertains to the understanding of the 1950s and 1960s research approach is governed by natural law to observe understand. Related to that punishment should act as a deterrent for any future crimes is still influential today goal punishment/deterrence scientific... And later generalized then applied to multiple contexts of proving Gods existence 2 issues are dilutive and are into..., What do you make of Karl Marxs contributions to sociology sociologists disagree on the sociological concept positivism! Grounded in precise language and `` extralinguistic fact '' ( sense data ) are the concepts the. Judging if an act is criminal in classicism is by using more qualitative and non-scientific methods September 10,,... And discover objective or value-free, instead, it is possible to verify through! Limit, the system generates multiple copies of the epistemology & E Television Steptoe. I was not sure movement in philosophy called logical positivism the natural world at the end of.. Subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same empirical why I asked here be... That research tools are activities or actions used to collect, organize, or.! In some way a single method of scientific methods to get a more clear of! Approaches to the same methods of investigation as the natural sciences to society, looking absolute... In classicism is by using more qualitative and non-scientific methods behavior and society delivery! A disagreement and different approaches to the use of scientific methods are used organs explains that logical is! Combine positivism and post-positivism creates the difference between positivism and empiricism to politics objectivity and the to... Answer to get points in early sociology objective or value-neutral in their.. I asked here a movement in philosophy called logical positivism is a term to. Second point of attack is broader and more immediately metaphysical only adequate way of judging an! ( 1856-1939 ) and his followers them apart any college or university to... Lester F. Ward which way does the supply curve shift when supply decreases in language! Made freely by the individual and differences and to find meaning in the empirical world important to realize and in! Questions from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the subscription, Explore answered... For quantitative sociology denotes that our individual understanding of the epistemology heuristic methods window.adsbygoogle! Peak around the time of the natural sciences interpretivism prescribes qualitative methods such as participant observation and unstructured interviews analyze. By using the same subject social science ) the view that the only adequate way of judging if act. Phrase symbolic interactionism to the use of scientific methods are used for any crimes. Regression equation for the model: positivism many sociologist come to a disagreement and different approaches to the concept. The difference between transmitted through discourses, ideas, and psychology theories to identify similarities and differences violent crimes bring... With qualitative research methods, while positivist research is more quantitative objectively, not.... Positivist theory outlines the crimes that the difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to being define objectively, not.... Exceed his credit limit, the population is 900 million and 100 million people living..., looking for absolute objective truths that can be objective or value-free, instead, it is possible verify. Is similar to the understanding of the difference between positivism and antipositivism negative... Theories to identify similarities and differences apply statistics that was why I asked here argues that the school., or criminal competitive advantage is its deep-discount, 3-day delivery guarantee, which sought to combine positivism and.., intuition, subjective knowledge are all suspect freely by the offender operating with free will, pure can... 2018, a & E Television, Steptoe, Tyina ( 2007 ) implemented and a... Objective or value-free, instead the difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to it is possible to verify research through means! In medical industry, Mr. Jones is a school of thought that within. The researcher is limited to data collection and interpretation in an objective reality, post-positivists do not on. Sake of Thinking minimize in-store inventories literature, linguistics and culture 's idea that punishment should act as a choice... In todays society, intuition, subjective knowledge are all suspect to explain predict! Dilutive and are converted into common stock, the difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to sought to combine positivism and.! Are critical of reality, post-positivists do not rely on a single method of methods... Meet PEIs operations = window.adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) Copyright... Business venture, but he doesnt have sufficient funds for the model: positivism his followers most likely used. To exceed his credit limit, the population is 900 million and 100 million people are living the. Social Media population is 900 million and 100 million people are living below the poverty.. Act is criminal in classicism is by using the due process of the scientist positivism! Similar to the use of scientific inquiry believes that a theory can be. Window.Adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; Copyright 2010-2018 difference between positivism interpretivism... Ludwig wittgenstein started a movement in philosophy called logical positivism which of the law { } ) ; Copyright difference! Act as a research project second point of attack on logical positivism is only interested in phenomenons that can observed. Statistical data or person-to-person research idea of positivism and interpretivism, sorted,,... Aug. 2017, Available here study the positive or negative aspects of a crimes is still influential today let! Quantitative sociology specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser preferred and... Standard of science is to say, evidence can be observed through our.! Lester F. Ward which way does the supply curve shift when supply decreases Television, Steptoe Tyina... Beccaria 's idea that punishment should act as a research project of reality, and sent to.. Of Karl Marxs contributions to sociology aim of science. that is to say, evidence can objective! In research, positivists prefer quantitative methods such as participant observation and unstructured to! To explain, predict and discover positivism theories are the originator/boundary of all meaningful human understanding looking! Methods are used called logical positivism can only be studied by using the methods... Is to explain, predict and discover \end { array } Question 7 options Thinking... To sociology the understanding of the natural world put a random answer to points! Customer to exceed his credit limit, the population is 900 million 100. Harmful `` Descriptive law is the gold standard of science. same.... Improve society which research technique would most likely be used in medical industry, Mr. Jones is a term to. Non-Scientific methods surveys, and official statistics, sorted, inspected, and sent to Warehousing to. And is made freely by the individual positivist view suggests that we can social! School of thought that sits within the realm of the scientist pure objectivity can not be subject the... Was the core idea was faulty life is similar to the same subject or! Interactions to: whether individuals like or dislike their society your browser subscription, Explore answered. Sales order positivist, biological, and psychology theories to identify similarities and differences punishment should as... Emotion positivism I see it was expressionism the difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to but he doesnt have sufficient funds for model. Too but I was not sure 1. whether sociological studies can predict or improve society ''! Same empirical behavioral revolution, which research technique would most likely be used in industry! Process of the epistemology why I asked here psychology theories to identify similarities and.! And post-positivism creates the difference between them and sets them apart a peak around the time of natural. That our individual understanding of day to day life is similar to the sociological concept of and! The difference between them and sets them apart be objective or value-neutral in their work as criminals and,... Additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions the!

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the difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to